Demon School

In fact, the editor-in-chief is a layman. Finding dark matter does not necessarily require new theories. According to existing theories, it is possible to find dark matter, and even dark matter that has not been predicted by any theory in the experiment; if this is the case, the theory is put forward. The person who won the award, the person who discovered the latter situation won the award; the reason why Lu Qiujian proposed a new theory, in addition to this theory is indeed feasible, but also want to make his reasons for winning more solid!

Since dark matter cannot be seen, how did physics discover its existence? Or why do physicists assume the existence of dark matter?

This starts from the work habits of physicists. Mathematicians now put forward some self-evident assumptions, such as the shortest straight line between two points, and then derive a huge mathematical system from these self-evident axioms; The physicist first proposed the hypothesis, and then used it first. If this hypothesis can be self-consistent, meet the known phenomena in measurement accuracy, and make reasonable predictions, then it is correct.

Physics is falsifiable. For any physical theory, we may design some kind of experiment to falsify it; now we accept a certain physical theory, not that it is proved, but that it is not falsified by any real verification. If it is proved wrong by experiment, then it is wrong, if it cannot be proved wrong, then use it! For example, Galileo ’s two iron ball experiments proved that Aristotle ’s theory was wrong.

The appearance of dark matter must be traced back to Einstein's theory. Einstein believed that the shape of the universe depends on the mass of the universe. He believes that the universe is limited and closed. If this is the case, the average density of matter in the universe must reach minus 30 cubic grams per cubic centimeter. However, the density of the observable universe so far is 100 times smaller than this value. In other words, most of the matter in the universe is "missing," and scientists call this "missing" matter "dark matter."

In the next 100 years, many physicists and astronomers found evidence of the existence of dark matter through different channels. In 1933, the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zavich of the California Institute of Technology discovered a galaxy. The galaxies in the cluster are faster than expected. According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, it means that there is a lot of unobserved matter between galaxies.

According to his inference that the mass of the galaxy cluster is 400 times greater than the mass inferred from the luminous stars in the galaxy cluster, and the concept of "dark matter" was first proposed, but this view was not taken seriously at that time.

Until 1970. The female scientist Rubin and her at the same time Ford finally found convincing evidence. Through the study of the rotation curve of the Andromeda Nebula, they discovered a strange phenomenon; according to Newton ’s law of gravity, if the mass of a galaxy is mainly concentrated At the core of the galaxy, the speed of the stars outside the galaxy will decrease as the distance increases. But from the results they observed, the speed of the outer stars of the galaxy is constant within a considerable range!

So they reached a conclusion similar to that of Zavich, either Newton ’s law of gravitation is incorrect, or a lot of unobserved matter is distributed in the non-core area of ​​the galaxy; because Newton ’s law of gravity has not been falsified, dark matter becomes The only explanation.

Then many similar astronomical phenomena were observed, so the theory of the existence of dark matter was widely recognized, but until now, there has not been a reliable dark matter model established in physics, and no dark matter has been really found.

The existence of dark matter poses new challenges to particle physics theory. In the standard model proposed by Weinberg, only neutrinos may be dark matter, but research shows that neutrinos cannot be the main component of dark matter in the universe. So dark matter requires a new physical model that exceeds the standard model.

Physicists have also proposed a variety of models such as the minimum supersymmetric model, the extra-dimensional model, and the small Higgs model, but there is no way to obtain conclusive experimental evidence.

Because dark matter does not participate in the electromagnetic response. Therefore, it is difficult to directly observe with astronomical telescopes, so physicists have designed three different observation methods to explore, namely accelerator observation, indirect observation and direct observation.

Accelerator observation is the use of particle collision to create dark matter, and then speculate on the nature of dark matter based on the energy and distribution taken away by the dark matter particles.

Indirect observation is to observe the stable visible particles produced by the decay of dark matter particles, and to infer the properties of dark matter according to these clues.

Direct observation is to establish an observation room that can shield most ground interference signals in extremely deep underground, and detect the signals generated by dark matter particles and material nuclei in the detector. This is also one of the most feasible exploration methods at present. But this approach is a bit troublesome for Lu Qiujian.

To explore dark matter, you must have an extremely deep underground laboratory, and now whether it is the underground scientific laboratory of 2438 meters underground in the Black Mountain Holtek Gold Mine in South Dakota, the United States, or the deeper Huajin Jinpingji Deep underground dark matter laboratories still exist only on drawings. There is still quite a long time before it is put into use, and he has no time to wait for the completion of these two major projects. However, the existing Italian gran-underground laboratory cannot meet his requirements.

So accelerator exploration has become his only choice at present, which is also the purpose of his previous efforts to find new data analysis methods and help cern adjust the test plan.

First of all, only by helping cern complete the exploration of the Higgs boson, will he have time to complete the experiment on dark matter; secondly, he confirmed his strength through the huge contribution of the Higgs boson discovery process. It is possible for cern to carry out experiments to discover dark matter according to his own test plan.

Of course, it is unrealistic to go to cern immediately to come up with his own experimental plan and let Dr. Evans carry out the experiment according to this plan ~ www.wuxiaspot.com ~ A Higgs boson experiment is not over yet, cern still has More discoveries are needed to make the Higgs boson statistically meet the criteria for determining existence; second, Lu Qiujian needs to build his own dark matter model, so that the huge feedback from the collider experiment The dark matter particles of the kind predicted by myself were found in the data.

"Professor Xuft. I have a new article for you to help!" Lu Qiujian went into Professor Xuft's office and put the paper on his desk.

"Oh? What is the article? About the Higgs boson?" Professor Xuft wiped his glasses and took Lu Qiujian's thesis. Lu Qiujian did it during the discovery of the Higgs boson. After so much work, it would be a bit wasteful if you do n’t write a few articles.

"The article about the experiment will be completed by the entire experimental team! This time my article is about dark matter! I designed a new dark matter particle model." Lu Qiujian sat on the chair and waited for the professor's reply.

"Dark matter!" Professor Xuft grumbled and opened the paper. (To be continued.)

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