The Rise of the Writers of the Republic of China

Freud's theory subverts tradition and smashes the ethics and morality of human society for thousands of years.

After the publication of "The Interpretation of Dreams", the total sales volume in eight years was only 600 copies. One can imagine how difficult it is to promote. With the publication of "Three Essays on Sexology", European society even regarded Freud as a bastard full of obscene thoughts, and medical institutions even united to boycott him, making Freud the most unpopular person in the academic world.

Until Freud was nearly 60 years old, he finally received an invitation from Clark University in the United States to hold a series of lectures in the United States, and his own theory was recognized by mainstream American society.

Freud was very excited at the time. After decades of hard work, he finally made it through.

But that's all. The approval of the United States does not mean the approval of Europe. Because the United States is a barren land of science and art, third-rate European scholars were regarded as honored guests in the past, and Freud is still a crooked person in Europe.

It was not until the end of the First World War that the psychological trauma brought about by the war promoted the prosperity and progress of European psychological research, and Freud finally became a wife.

Why was Freud's academic career so rough?

It's simple, few people can face up to their own desires, let alone admit their "dirty" side.

The same is true for Zhou Hexuan, he doesn't want to be psychoanalyzed, it's like being naked in front of others, and all his privacy is exposed. He said with a smile: "When I have a mental illness, I will ask you for psychoanalysis."

Freud said: "Zhou, you are very wrong. Psychoanalysis does not have to be mentally ill. It can still be carried out when healthy. It can adjust people's thoughts and emotional states. It is like seeing a dentist regularly. , this is the maintenance of health. I insist on doing psychoanalysis to myself every day, so my spirit has always been healthy. Even though I have suffered from oral cancer for nearly ten years and have undergone many painful operations, I can Treat cancer with a normal heart."

"Sorry, I still don't want my spirit to be studied." Zhou Hexuan politely refused.

Einstein interjected: "I firmly support Zhou. People can regulate themselves, and they don't necessarily need the help of psychologists."

Floyd shrugged: "Okay, I give up."

Zhou Hexuan smiled and said, "Let's talk about other things, such as history or religion."

Hearing this, Freud said happily: "Have you read my research works in recent years?"

Zhou Hexuan said: "I understand a little bit."

Freud is almost 80 years old, but his psychological research has never stopped. The research objects of these years have shifted from personal to religious, social, cultural and historical aspects. For example, "A Future of Fantasy" discusses religion from a psychological point of view, and believes that religion is a kind of fantasy, a stage of obsessive-compulsive neurosis that human beings must get rid of. Another example is "Civilization and Its Dissatisfaction", which mainly expounds the connection and opposition between civilization and instinct.

Freud said: "Zhou, I have read your and Toynbee's "Historical Studies" series of papers. You analyze and explain human civilization from a philosophical point of view. But I try to study it from a psychological point of view. Civilization is to serve The process of eros, the goal of eros is to combine human individuals, families, races, nations and countries into a great unity, a human unity, which is the true face of human civilization. It comes from the instinct of survival, The instinct of human life drives the formation of civilization and society."

Roman Rolland said: "I agree with this point of view. Human desires promote the development of society and civilization, but sometimes desires can also bring about destruction and regression."

"Like war," Einstein said.

Freud said: "War also comes from instinct. Human beings have two instincts, one is the survival instinct and the other is the death instinct. The death instinct endows human beings with aggressiveness and destruction. The progress of civilization is a kind of struggle and love. The struggle between God and Death is also a struggle between the instinct of survival and the instinct of death."

Zhou Hexuan frowned and said: "But I think that the previous colonial wars, the European war 20 years ago, and the current Japanese invasion of China are all plundering by one group against another. This kind of plundering is a competition for profit space, and it is also a survival instinct. In driving, it has nothing to do with the death instinct."

"No, no, no," Freud shook his head repeatedly, "the death instinct manifests itself in two ways, internally, internally as negativity, self-exile, self-punishment, self-abuse, or even suicide, while externally, it manifests as destruction and attack. War can be regarded as the ultimate manifestation of the outward development of the death instinct, although it also contains elements of the survival instinct, but no matter how many rationalistic motives there are, the desire to destroy occupies the largest weight.”

Zhou Hexuan asked: "What if a patriot spontaneously steps onto the battlefield in order to defend the country, culture, family and relatives? Is his behavior also driven by the death instinct?"

"The situation you mentioned is very complicated," Freud said. "Before a patriot sets foot on the battlefield, his motivation comes from the instinct of love, that is, the instinct of survival. This is an act to curb war. But when After he sets foot on the battlefield, all instincts of love will be ignored and become dominated by death instinct. When you look at this issue, you should not have moral concepts of good and evil, but look at it from a purely academic point of view. Instinct is Instinct is the most primitive desire of human beings, and it should not be divided into good and evil. However, the impact of the love instinct is mainly positive, while the impact of the death instinct is mainly negative."

Romain Rolland asked: "If we analyze it from a psychological point of view, how can we stop and avoid war?"

"Rationality and morality," Freud said, "humans and animals have instincts, and in addition to instincts, humans also have ego and superego consciousness. Self-consciousness is acquired, which brings rationality to people, People know how to seek good luck and avoid danger. And the superego consciousness makes people have ethics and morality, such as the patriots mentioned by Zhou. The horror of war requires the use of morality to suppress the desire for destruction brought about by the instinct of death. The most desirable way is to use reason and morality to formulate a set of rules for all countries and human beings to abide by. Start a war."

Zhou Hexuan felt that it made sense, but he was speechless.

Freud also said: "In fact, it is not only war, but also human civilized society. Society is full of human irrationality. Everyone is born in an irrational society, and is gradually restrained and transformed. People are bound by customs. People affect society, and society affects people. This forms a vicious circle. Only a few strong-willed people can escape and have a benign impact on society. The natural offensive instinct of human beings leads individuals to oppose the whole, or The hostility of the whole against the individual. Everyone, more or less, will have the idea of ​​​​destroying the world, and after being constrained by morality and ethics, this idea of ​​​​destroying the world will turn into passive self-destruction. This offensive instinct is death. The derivative and main representative of instinct, it coexists with the instinct of love, and enjoys the dominion over the world together. The social civilization that develops forward is the positive influence brought by the instinct of love and good moral ethics; The declining social civilization is the negative impact of death instinct and bad moral ethics. Whether it is a person, civilization, society or country, it is necessary to maintain a delicate balance between the instinct of love and the instinct of death. .”

"I understand that the way to self-cultivation and governing the country is to learn to use this balance." Zhou Hexuan suddenly realized that he felt that he had benefited a lot.