The Rise of the European Emperor

"The Rise of the European Emperor ()"!

In fact, because it is too far north, the agricultural conditions in the St. Petersburg area are very poor. In later generations, agriculture in Leningrad Oblast was mainly based on breeding, producing dairy products, meat, eggs and so on. As for farming, potatoes and vegetables are mainly grown.

Among them, vegetables must be mainly greenhouse vegetables. Although potatoes are very suitable for cold temperate regions, Marin certainly doesn't want to take out this kind of nuclear weapon.

What happens with potatoes? The Irish had potatoes, from 1.9 million in 1700 to 8 million before the famine in 1845!

In the 18th century, Prussia, as poor as Prussia, also relied on Frederick the Great to force the promotion of potatoes, which made Prussia, as poor as a ghost, survive war after war. Later, this trick was widely learned by Europeans, and Tsarist Russia also came to this trick, and soon the population continued to grow until it exceeded 100 million. Therefore, during World War I, Tsarist Russia was able to mobilize 15 million troops.

For this reason, Marin is not willing to introduce potatoes to Europe anyway. But the St. Petersburg area is too unsuitable for growing grains. Rye and oats, in ordinary times, would grow there, too. However, it is currently at the front end of the Little Ice Age, and the latitude of St. Petersburg is so high that it is almost close to the Arctic Circle, so it is really not suitable for growing grains.

But Ryazan can't be completely transformed into a country of animal husbandry, right? The Grand Duke of Ryazan is happy, but the peasants of Ryazan are not too. After all, it is difficult to adapt to the life of a livestock farmer if one is used to eating grains.

"What should they grow?"

Marin spread out the map and carefully looked at the location of St. Petersburg. This guy, the latitude of St. Petersburg is as high as 60 degrees north latitude, which is much norther than Mohe's 53 degrees 27 minutes.

In addition, St. Petersburg has another disadvantage-because of the influence of the North Atlantic warm current, its winter is certainly warmer than Moscow (but this is useless, because it is all below zero, which is useless for agriculture), but its summer is also warmer than Moscow. Cool down. Moscow can even experience high temperatures in the thirties in summer, while in St. Petersburg, due to the influence of the ocean, the highest temperature in summer rarely exceeds 30 degrees.

In terms of human comfort, the summer in St. Petersburg must be very comfortable. However, agriculturally speaking, this is not good. Because crops like wheat require higher temperatures during the period of grain filling and fruiting. And because of the low latitude, the winter wheat here in St. Petersburg has to freeze to death in winter, and the spring will not be thawed until May for spring plowing. But because the temperature has been low, when the summer is close to 30 degrees, the wheat has not yet grown, and it is not yet the time for the grain filling. When the grouting results, um, the low temperature period has entered again, and it will snow soon... So, this place is not suitable for growing wheat.

Moreover, there are no fast-maturing wheat varieties in this era, and wheat is generally ripe. In addition, without fertilizers such as phosphate and potash fertilizers that promote early maturation, it will not grow at all.

This is also the case with rye,

It is difficult to survive the winter at such high latitudes. Although rye is cold-resistant, it is resistant to the small cold in northern Germany, not the super cold in St. Petersburg in winter. Moreover, the total accumulated temperature of rye is quite high, reaching over 2100 degrees. After all the calculations, only oats with a shorter growth cycle and less accumulated temperature (1350-1600 degrees) are suitable.

However, oat yield per mu is low. Even in later generations, with the use of new varieties and costs, the yield per mu is only 200 kilograms, or 400 catties. For the varieties of this era used in Beihai, even if the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers are complete, the yield per mu does not exceed 300 pounds, usually more than 200 pounds. Unlike rye, which uses fertilizer, it can weigh over 500 lbs.

It would be even worse if fertilizers were not used. The yield per mu was only about 100 pounds, or even less than 100 pounds. As for rye, even without manure, as long as the land itself is fertile, it can yield more than a hundred pounds per mu.

Of course, the St. Petersburg area is not the black land of Ukraine, the unnatural fertile soil, and the agricultural conditions are not very good. If the Ryazan people were allowed to plant oats without providing fertilizers, it would be difficult to exceed the yield of 100 pounds per mu.

It is also impossible for Marin to provide fertilizer for Ryazan, because there is still some shortage in Beihai, so how can they supply Ryazan?

However, Marin thought of a good way for them - the two nursery system! Of course, it is an improved two-field system!

Europe has long had the two-field system of alternate fallow farming, but it is not scientific. The two-field system of ancient Europeans was to let the land be cultivated in one year and abandoned in one year. When abandoning the wasteland, let the weeds grow and leave it alone.

In this way, although we can use the corpses of weeds to restore a little soil strength, it is very leisurely. why? Because the weeds are not fertile enough!

If you want to restore soil fertility, the best way without fertilizers is actually to grow legumes. Legumes can absorb nitrogen in the air and convert it into organic nitrogen, a function called nitrogen fixation.

If it grows ordinary weeds, Gramineae, it is difficult to restore soil fertility without fertilization. But if it is long leguminous crops, soil fertility will recover faster. In the second year of this kind of grain, the harvest will be much better.

In addition, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the British came up with a very powerful two-field system-on the fallow land, alfalfa was planted, and then sheep were herded...

Alfalfa is a leguminous crop, which can fix nitrogen and fertilize the land. After the sheep ate alfalfa, they dropped sheep dung and eggs on the land, which was also fertilizer. Under the double action, the ground force recovers very quickly.

Of course, the British at that time didn't understand this principle, and they just discovered that the effect was good by accident. After all, it is a traditional project for the British to raise sheep. And alfalfa is good for raising sheep, but it is also unintentional.

Because alfalfa was planted during fallow and sheep were raised, the British could produce more than 200 pounds of wheat per mu in the 19th century, reaching about 230 to 40 pounds. This effect is basically the same as the effect of using manure in ancient China.

But only nitrogen fertilizer is useless. Nitrogen fertilizer can only ensure vigorous growth of plants, but its impact on results is not as good as phosphorus fertilizer.

Phosphorus fertilizer has the effect of promoting early maturity of grains, can shorten the growth period, and can increase the fruiting rate and promote grain fullness. It is the fertilizer variety that can increase the grain yield the most.

Of course, if the nitrogen fertilizer is sufficient, the plants will grow well, and the impact on the grain yield will not be small. No, the yield per mu without manure is only about 100 catties or even less. And with manure, it can reach more than 200, doubled.

Of course, this is for ordinary wheat, and the upper limit of rye and wheat is quite high. The upper limit of oats is lower, and the yield per mu of later generations is only 200 kilograms. In this era, even with the use of the advanced two-pound system adopted by later generations of the British, it is estimated that the yield per mu has increased from tens of pounds to more than one hundred pounds.

However, for people of this age, it is enough. Moreover, there is no shortage of land in the St. Petersburg region. The yield per mu is not enough, so the land area can be made up.

Moreover, this "English-style two-yard system" of growing alfalfa and raising sheep can also allow Ryazan people to produce a large amount of wool and mutton while producing a large amount of oats, which can be said to serve multiple purposes.

Of course, because it is a severe cold area, it must be a cold-resistant coarse-wool sheep, and fine-wool sheep may not be able to withstand the severe cold. But this is not a problem. After all, Marin is not Leifeng, and he is not here to help Liang Zan become stronger. He just hoped that after Ryazan moved to the St. Petersburg area, it would become an obstacle to the expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Even, Marin hoped that Ryazan would also occupy the coast of the Arctic Ocean, so that the Grand Duchy of Moscow would lose its access to the Arctic Ocean.

Marin taught the Liangzan people the "British-style two-yard system", which is already worthy of them. After all, this new type of two-field system can not only increase oat production, but also get a lot of products such as wool, mutton, and sheepskin, which is definitely profitable.

According to news from his cousin Peter, the current St. Petersburg area is sparsely populated and belongs to the frontier area. The Ryazan people used to have a lot of land that can be reclaimed. You know, the Grand Duchy of Ryazan used to be very big, but after being annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow, only the area of ​​the later Ryazan State remained, not even 40,000 square kilometers. Coming to the St. Petersburg area, there are at least 70,000 to 80,000 square kilometers here, which is enough for them.

In addition, occupying the St. Petersburg area can also annex the later Karelia Republic area to the north. Although this land is not suitable for agriculture, it is no problem to use it for animal husbandry. Even if sheep can't be raised, can't they still raise reindeer?

As for the Murmansk area further north, it seems that Marin has long been occupied by the Lapps. Almost forgot, Marin is still the great chief of the Lapps. Marin suddenly felt that it was time to send someone to manage the Lapps along the Arctic Ocean...

...

In fact, Marin also knows a grain that is very suitable for the St. Petersburg area, that is, the main grain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-highland barley. Highland barley has lower temperature requirements, and the accumulated temperature is only 1300 degrees, which is lower than that of oats. Moreover, at low temperature, it can also bloom and bear fruit, and the growth period is only 100 to 130 days, which is very suitable for the St. Petersburg area. Moreover, the yield per mu is much higher than that of oats.

But Marin is unwilling to do this for the Ryazan people, because it is as big a killer as potatoes. If the Muscovites also got the highland barley seeds and planted them on their vast land, their rapid rise would not be a problem at all.

Therefore, Marin would rather let the Ryazan people grow oats with a low yield per mu than provide them with better highland barley. Not for anything else, just for fear that the Grand Duchy of Moscow will get the seeds...

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