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Vol 4 Chapter 773: Paternity test is very particular

There are five main methods for paternity testing, among which the more common ones include blood type testing, DNA comparison, genetic marker testing, etc.

The first type is the simplest blood type test.

　　When talking about blood, many people will probably think of the ancient way of recognizing relatives by dripping blood, which has been sung badly in dramas.

In fact, blood recognition was still a real thing in ancient times. It began during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

There are two methods of "recognizing relatives by shedding blood" in ancient times. One is called bone dripping method, and the other is called blood combining method.

The bone dripping method refers to dripping the blood of a living person on the bones of a dead person and observing whether it penetrates. If it can penetrate, it means that there are blood relationships such as parents, children, and brothers.

In the 16th episode of the first part of "The Punisher of the Song Dynasty", Qianniang's husband was killed.

Song Ci found out the truth. Qianniang’s father He Kui was the culprit, and He Kui was not Qian Niang’s biological father.

At the court, Song Ci found the skeleton of Qianniang’s biological father and examined it using the bone-dropping method. Qianniang pricked her finger, and the blood quickly seeped into the bones, confirming that Qianniang and the deceased were related by blood.

To put it bluntly, it means that the living and the dead recognize each other as relatives.

There is also a method of recognizing relatives between living people, which is called the "Blood Combination Method". This is a favorite scene in movies and TV dramas.

The method is to drop the blood of two living people into a vessel to see if it coagulates into one. If it coagulates, it means there is a parent-child relationship. If it does not coagulate, it means there is no parent-child relationship, and they will be beaten to death with sticks.

In fact, these have no scientific basis. I don’t know how many innocent people have been killed over the past thousand years.

Like the "bone dripping method", whether the bones are kept in the open air or buried in mud, their soft tissues will decay, then dissolve and disappear. Without the protection of skin and flesh, the surface of the bones becomes corroded and crispy, and blood, water, and urine can drip in.

The "blood-combination method" is also nonsense.

The reason blood is red is because it contains a large number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are composed of hemoglobin and cytosol. The cytosol contains electrolytes such as sodium ions and chloride ions. The electrolyte concentration is about 0.9%, while the electrolyte concentration in clean water is 0.

We all know a physical phenomenon. Water will flow from low concentration to high concentration. Therefore, when blood is dripped into clean water, water molecules will flow spontaneously into red blood cells.

The space in red blood cells is limited. When the incoming water molecules reach a certain amount, the cell membrane, which can no longer withstand the pressure, will rupture. After the hemoglobin loses its barrier, it will flow freely and gradually disperse and distribute evenly in the water.

This is the principle of two drops of blood blending together.

In other words, anyone’s blood can actually blend.

Digu and legality are not reliable, but blood type identification is still reliable.

Blood type testing is to collect the blood of both subjects separately, and then compare the blood types of the person being identified and the person being compared. Generally, the parent-child relationship can be determined.

Chen Qi once encountered such a patient in his previous life.

The then 17-year-old son was in urgent need of a life-saving liver transplant due to liver failure, but there was no suitable liver source at the moment and the patient had no time to wait.

So when a father is very determined to cut off part of his liver and give it to his son as a "living donor liver", he is a great father.

But when I did the examination, it was all over, because the son had blood type O, the mother had blood type A, and the father had blood type AB...

BGM sounded: "Beautiful grassland is my home~~The water is clear and the grass is beautiful. I love it~~The grassland is like a green sea~~The felt bag is like a white lotus~~The herdsmen depict the scene of happiness~~The spring scenery is picturesque~~ Ah~~~~"

What was the final outcome? My father, who knew the truth, left the hospital on the spot and received a divorce agreement the next day.

A week later, my son finally died of liver failure because he could not get a liver source. He was 17 years old...

The mother committed suicide by jumping off a building on the day her son died. She was 42 years old...

　　When my father appeared in the hospital again later, he cried loudly over the body of his wife (or ex-wife). I don’t know whether he was crying about the loss of his family, his own grievances, or regret that he had left.

In short, this family is very miserable, so don't cheat or do bad things. Sometimes the retribution is not undue, but the time has not come yet, and it harms others and yourself.

(I have put the blood type paternity test table in the "Author's Notes". Readers who doubt whether their children are biological can compare it, haha.)

The second testing method of paternity testing is called "DNA comparison".

Collect blood, saliva, nail and other samples, sequence the DNA sequence of the tested person, and determine whether there is a genetic relationship by comparing the DNA sequence of the reference genome or other samples.

The accuracy is relatively high, but the cost is high and requires a lot of calculation and analysis.

Generally speaking, for paternity tests, a very high proportion of non-paternity test results are unsatisfactory.

From China's perspective, the proportion of non-parental children in all provinces and cities across the country exceeds 50%.

This illustrates a problem: people who go for a paternity test already have certain suspicions or evidence, and they only go for a paternity test to prove the result, which is why there is such a high proportion.

However, it is very interesting from the ranking of domestic provinces.

The highest proportion of non-parental children is in Wanwan Province, reaching 92.56%. Almost all those who go for a paternity test are confirmed to have no paternity relationship.

The derailment rate is so low, tsk tsk tsk. It seems that this province has been seriously harmed by the small-life culture, and it will be renamed "Prairie Province" or "Green Island" in the future.

But other provinces should not be happy too early, as they are not much better.

Ranking second is Dongguang Province, a province that loves soup, with a non-parent-child ratio of 91.23%;

Ranking third is the Northeastern Tieziliao Province, reaching 91.09%;

Ranking fourth are fellow Dongshan Province residents who love to eat pancakes rolled with green onions, reaching 91.04%.

Ranking fifth is Northeast Tiezi, a native of Heilongjiang Province, with a non-parental rate of 90.57%.

These Northeastern ladies are still pretty cool. They occupy 2 of the top five places. Hou Guifen, you are a ruthless person~~~~

In terms of the proportion of non-parents and children, Guizhou Province ranks first in the southwest region, ranking 7-11 on the list together with Shanghai City, Zhejiang Province, Nanhe Province and Beihe Province.

This is due to the fact that in recent years, there have been many young people migrant working in your province, and many extramarital affairs have occurred while living abroad temporarily or staying behind in their hometowns. Therefore, we must not only care about left-behind children and left-behind elderly people, but also care about left-behind women.

The man is working hard outside, and the wife has found a lot of brothers-in-law for you at home. You have gone out to work for three years, and your son is one year old when you come back. The most tragic thing in life is this.

Sichuan Province and Shuangqing City ranked 20th and 21st with about 76%, ranking in the middle and lower grades, indicating good marital fidelity.

Although the "Shu Daoshan woman" has a hot temper, she has a good figure, fair skin, and takes care of her family. She seems to be an ideal spouse.

The most stable marriages are in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the least traces of the ratio of non-biological couples are visible. This is probably closely related to faith.

Of course, it’s also possible that this place is vast and sparsely populated. You won’t meet anyone for ten days and a half, and your neighbors are hundreds of kilometers away. Even if you want to do something bad, you won’t have a chance.

Haidong Province, where Chen Qi is located, also ranks relatively high, ranking 8th in the country, with non-parents accounting for 87.62%.

This ratio is actually quite high. A certain hospital director should take the twins for a test while his own hospital is producing and selling it.

The third type of paternity test is called "genetic marker testing".

From a biological perspective, the genetic rules of DNA from the same individual are basically the same and remain unchanged throughout life.

So the body tissues, such as hair, skin, blood, etc., of people who need to be tested for paternity are collected for genetic analysis, which can generally clarify the parent-child relationship.

This identification is more interesting because it can help you find your ancestors from hundreds of years ago, or even thousands of years ago.

It can also help you determine whether you are a descendant of a famous person.

Can't he be like the big-eared Liu Bei who always says "I am a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan" everywhere, and then he is a member of the royal family and has the legal basis for being emperor?

That’s bullshit. This requires a “genetic marker test.” That means digging up Liu Sheng’s tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, taking out Liu Sheng’s bones, and then making a DNA test with Liu Bei.

Whether Liu Bei is a descendant of Liu Sheng needs to be tested to determine whether it is good or not.

Similarly, if you, an archaeologist, dig out an ancient tomb and find the bones of the suspected owner of the tomb more than a thousand years ago, how do you determine who the owner of the tomb is?

The most famous thing about this is Cao Cao’s tomb.

The "Cao Cao Tomb" discovered in Anyang, Henan in 2009 was full of controversy as to whether the owner of the tomb was Cao Cao because the tomb was severely stolen.

At that time, partial skeletons of a man and two women were found in the tomb. The male skeleton died at the age of 60, which is consistent with Cao Cao's death year of 66.

But netizens did not believe that these were Cao Cao’s remains, and even joked that this was the tomb of Cao Cao when he was a child.

So Fudan University conducted a "Cao Cao Family DNA Project."

The expert team collected venous blood samples from 280 men from 79 families with the surname Cao and 446 male volunteers including Xiahou, Cao and other surnames across the country, with a total sample size of more than 1,000 cases.

Why to study the Cao Cao family, it is necessary to collect samples of the two surnames "Xiahou" and "Cao".

According to some historical records, Cao Cao's father was adopted from the Xiahou family; in addition, there is folklore that the "Cao" surname is a branch of Cao Cao's descendants, so we simply sampled them together.

The research team sorted out 258 family trees with the Cao surname, screened out 8 Cao ethnic groups with genealogy support and a certain degree of credibility through historical data analysis, and then tested their DNA.

Research shows that the ancestral intersection points of 6 of these 8 families with the surname Cao appeared between 1800 and 2000 years ago—this was the era when Cao Cao lived.

Science has also detected that these six families have a very rare chromosome type, indicating that they come from the same ancestor.

What is used here is "genetic marker testing".

It is a method of using the DNA of modern people of the Cao family to infer the DNA of the ancient Cao family. Fudan University finally announced that it "identified the DNA of the Cao Cao family."

Since we have the DNA of Cao Cao’s family, wouldn’t it be possible to compare whether the remains in Anyang’s tomb are those of Cao Cao?

While people across the country were eagerly waiting, it turned out that Gaoling, Anyang, Henan, was too timid and unwilling to test the DNA of the remains...

The blood types of children born to parents with different blood types:

1. Type A and Type A—Type A, Type O;

2. Type A and Type B—Type A, Type B, Type O, and Type AB;

3. Type A and Type AB—Type A, Type B, and Type AB;

4. Type A and Type O—Type A and Type O;

5. Type B and Type A - Type A, Type B, Type O, Type AB;

6. Type B and Type B—Type B, Type O;

7. Type B and AB—type A, type B, and type AB;

8. Type B and Type O—Type B and Type O;

9. Type O and Type A—Type O and Type A;

10. Type O and Type B—Type O and Type B;

11. Type O and type AB—type A, type B;