Romanian Eagle

After the Washington Treaty was signed, Romania was quietly fighting for its naval dream.

In Asia Minor, there is also a group of people who are fighting for their homeland, that is, the Turks. As punishment for the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France and other countries confirmed it in the Treaty of Sèvres.

The content is as follows: the west of the Catalga line was ceded to Greece, and the sovereignty from Suik to the west of Buhaniya was temporarily returned to Turkey. Five years later (1925), a referendum was used to decide whether to join Greece; Erxin, west of Mushi, Bitlis, and south of Lake Van belong to the newly established Armenia.

The area of ​​the strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean would become a demilitarized zone, but the Allied powers would have military action over the area. The United States, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and Romania have formed the "Strait Management Committee", which is responsible for shipping, lighthouse management and navigation in the region.

The territories of the Arab and Iraqi territories that originally belonged to the Ottomans were ceded to Britain and France, and new protected areas were established. Among them, the south of Karatash and Mardin belonged to Syria, and the south of Mosul belonged to Iraq.

The Ottomans must abolish the conscription system, the national army must not exceed 45,000 people, and there must be no heavy weapons, air force, navy, or large merchant ships.

Taxes earned by the Ottoman Empire were given priority to pay war reparations and the costs of the Allied occupation troops.

Restoration of extraterritorial jurisdiction. Extraterritoriality still applies even if any future regime succeeds the Ottoman Empire. After the Turkish people become naturalized in any of the Allied countries, they are protected by extraterritorial rights and no longer need to pay taxes to the Ottoman government.

If the terms were not implemented according to the wishes of the Allies, Istanbul would be occupied.

This clause can be said to limit the Ottoman territory to the peninsula of Asia Minor, and it no longer has the right to manage the Black Sea Strait. The coast of the Love Sea has also been assigned to Greece, and a new country will be born in its eastern part (the newly established Armenia includes Rize, Erzurum, Mush, Wa and many other provinces in modern Turkey, and the territory is in Eleven. million square kilometers).

Its territory has also been directly reduced to 540,000 square kilometers. You must know that the territory of the Ottoman Empire before the First World War was about 2.1 million square kilometers, which was divided alive.

However, in the face of pressure from the Allied Powers, Sultan Mohammed VI immediately held a cabinet meeting and the agreement was passed. Faced with such harsh terms, it has aroused strong opposition from nationalists and the bourgeoisie. They formed the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara, with Kemal as its leader.

In the face of the violent resistance that broke out in Turkey, Britain, France and other countries instigated Greece to launch a war against it. As its king, Constantine was originally exiled because he opposed Greece's accession to the Allied Powers, but he regained the throne after his son Alexander I passed away (he died three days after being bitten by a monkey and caused an infection), and he was mobilized immediately after receiving support from Britain and France. The army launched an offensive towards Ankara.

The Greek army once pushed the front to the line of the Sakarya River, less than 30 kilometers from Ankara. However, as its leader, Kemal personally went to the front to command at a critical moment (King Constantine of Greece also went to the front as the commander-in-chief).

In the counterattack of the Turkish army, the Greek army was defeated. 250,000 people suffered casualties in this war, which was an unforgettable fiasco for Greece.

At the same time, the defeat also cost Constantine the throne, and 6 people including former Prime Minister Gunaris were sentenced to death.

After the defeat of Greece, Britain, France and other countries saw that they could not force the Turks to accept the Treaty of Sèvres, and could only renegotiate.

In Lausanne, Switzerland, the two sides renegotiated. After some bargaining negotiations, the outcome of the negotiations was finally recognized by all countries (mainly Turkey).

The treaty has a total of 143 articles, the main contents of which are:

① Announcing the official restoration of peace between the Allies and Turkey from the date of entry into force of the treaty.

② The Allies recognized Turkey's independence and territorial integrity within the mainland of Asia Minor, and confirmed Turkey's borders from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea to Persia (now Iran); the East Thrace and Izmir areas were returned to Turkey, Armenia and Some ethnic minority areas such as Kurdistan are still owned by Turkey; the issue of the ownership of Mosul, the oil producing area, is left to be resolved later (the Anglo-Turkish Agreement of 1926 assigned Mosul to Iraq, which is under British escrow).

③Turkey gave up its territorial claims to Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and other places that were previously part of the Ottoman Empire that were divided up by Britain, France, Italy and other countries, and recognized Britain’s claims to Cyprus and Italy’s Zoze Canissos (now Yugospora). the annexation of the Daes) Islands.

④ For the losses caused by the First World War and the Allied armed intervention in Turkey, the two sides waived their claims for compensation; Turkey repaid part of the foreign debts of the former Ottoman Empire; the contracting parties announced the cancellation of all extraterritorial rights and financial and customs supervision rights in Turkey. Implement customs autonomy.

⑤ The strait area shall be demilitarized, and the contracting countries shall declare their agreement to the principle of freedom of passage by sea and air and freedom of navigation in the strait area; the strait area shall not be fortified or stationed with armed forces, and shall be supervised by the International Committee (also known as the Straits Committee).

The newly signed Treaty of Lausanne made Turkey the only defeated country that dared to resist.

While Edel looked at the signed treaty, another thing came to mind. That was when the British and French ambassadors visited him after the defeat of Greece, deliberately testing whether Romania was willing to send troops to Turkey. Facing the temptation of Britain and France, Edel asked about the price of sending troops. When he heard that Britain and France were unwilling to assign the Straits area to any country, Eder lost interest in continuing to talk about it.

Yes, Eder had secretly traded arms to Turkey before, but this was based on ambitions for the Strait region. Since Romania can't get the strait area, what reason does it have to join in? If you really treat Romania as a thug, you have to give a price that you want. The current Romania is not before the First World War, and will end up helping out for a little profit.

In fact, he is more concerned about the April agreement between Germany and Russia. Because it was signed in Rapallo, Italy, it is also known as the Treaty of Rapallo. The most important thing in the treaty is that Germany recognized the Soviet government and was the first country to recognize the Soviet Union.

In addition to this, both countries agreed to cancel all pre-war debts and forgo wartime demands. In return for German recognition, Soviet Russia and Germany also signed very favorable trade concessions.

This made the representatives of various countries who were preparing to negotiate with the Soviet Union in Genoa felt a little overwhelmed. Because the content of Genoa's negotiation is that Soviet Russia recognizes and repays its foreign debts borrowed by the tsarist government before and during the war. In return, the countries will recognize the Soviet government.

And now Germany is the first to recognize Soviet Russia, so that the countries cannot form unity, but for the current German actions, the countries do not know what to do. On the contrary, France has severely criticized Germany's private agreement. Its behavior is offensive to all countries, and it believes that it should be severely punished. The United Kingdom does not agree with this, and who can not know that France is so careful. As long as Germany is involved, it must be severely punished.

The disagreement between Britain and France brought this discussion about Germany's private actions to a screeching halt.

In the end, the Genoa meeting failed to reach any results, and the talks between the countries and the Soviet Union broke up unhappily.

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