I Have a Research Support System

Three days later, New Year's Eve.

After the New Year's Eve dinner, Xu Qiu's family sat on the sofa to watch the Spring Festival Gala, made group chats, and grabbed red envelopes.

Although Fireworks and Firecrackers have been completely banned in Shanghai, there is no such thing in Xu Qiu's hometown.

Therefore, at about 11:30, the sound of crackling firecrackers resounded outside the sky, and even the sound of the Spring Festival Gala program on TV was covered.

Xu Qiu opened the window, wanting to see the situation outside.

Then as soon as the window was opened, Xu Qiu closed it immediately, because he found that the outside was full of dust, which could be said to be full of New Year's flavor.

It wasn't until one o'clock in the morning on the first day of the Lunar New Year that the sound of firecrackers outside gradually subsided. It is said that every household "welcome the God of Wealth to their home".

In the next few days, Xu Qiu visited relatives all over the place, and relatives who stayed at home were sent away.

During this time, Xu Qiu seldom mentioned the school affairs with his relatives.

One is that he is relatively low-key, and it doesn't make much sense to show his holiness in front of relatives;

Second, even if you say it, there is a high probability that other people will not understand it. It is better to talk about topics that everyone can understand, or get together to play cards and mahjong.

At the same time, Xu Qiu found out that when he was in college, he still had the lucky money. Now that he is promoted to a graduate student, he no longer has the lucky money, and he has to give the lucky money to the juniors...

It seems that the generation of parents also defaults to "grow up" after graduating from university, but in fact, most domestic science and engineering graduate students do not have much money. Xu Qiu can get national scholarships, and research team bonuses are very few. a part of.

However, New Year's money is similar to family money. It comes and goes, and if you give it out now, you can get it back when you have a child in the future.

From this point of view, there is still some loss in not having children, and the lucky money and share money given out will not be recovered.

Of course, this is also normal, there are gains and losses.

In fact, New Year's money and family money are still small prices, at most tens of thousands of dollars.

If the population gap is too large in the future, and immigrants need to be introduced to change the color of the country, eventually the barren people will pay taxes to help immigrant outsiders raise their children.

This is also relatively common around the world.

For example, in developed countries with a relatively low fertility rate, citizens are divided into three groups: singles, DINKs, and children. They tax singles the heaviest, DINKs come next, and groups who choose to have children have the lightest tax.

Of course, their countries will not make it obvious. For example, they will definitely not legislate to clearly stipulate that single people and dinks will increase taxes. Such laws will most likely be resisted.

But if you change it in another way, it can be solved.

For example, there are subsidies for marriage, subsidies for childbirth, subsidies for children's education, maternity leave for both men and women, and the losses caused by maternity leave to the company are borne by the state tax... and so on.

In fact, it is a disguised subsidy for groups who choose to have children.

How did the subsidy come about? Naturally, it is an additional price paid by singles and DINK groups.

This world is so realistic. Every choice an adult makes is actually an exchange.

It's just that if you don't think about it a lot of times, it's hard to find out what you paid.

After dealing with relatives for a few days, Xu Qiu continued to devote his energy to scientific research.

After exploring in the past few days, Xu Qiu found out that moving will indeed affect the evaporation equipment through SEM and other characterization methods.

Specifically, the conditions of the original Handancai-216 laboratory are applied to the evaporation equipment of the Jiangwan Xiancai-522 laboratory, and the actual thickness of the final film will be 10%-20% thicker on average.

Xu Qiu quickly found out the reason behind it, mainly because the principle of vapor deposition to detect film thickness is an indirect method——

During the evaporation process, there is a crystal oscillator in the middle of the evaporation chamber. The target molecules are heated and diffused from the beam source furnace or electric heating device below, and deposited on the crystal oscillator to form a real-time current signal. The instrument converts the current signal into evaporation. The plating rate signal is then integrated to calculate the real-time film thickness.

Affected by gravity, the farther the crystal oscillator is from the beam source furnace or the electric heating device, the less the number of diffused target molecules collected per unit time.

If the position of the crystal oscillator is below the standard position, that is, close to the beam source furnace or electric heating device, the detected evaporation rate will be greater than the actual evaporation rate, resulting in a thinner actual film thickness.

It is easy to understand that if the actual evaporation rate is 0.2 angstroms per second, the displayed evaporation rate is 0.4 angstroms per second, and the expected evaporation film thickness is 20 angstroms. After 50 seconds of evaporation, according to the display of the instrument, it has reached 20 angstroms thickness, but the actual thickness is only 10 Angstroms.

vice versa.

Therefore, the current situation is that during the process of transportation, there may be vibrations that make the position of the crystal oscillator deviate from the standard position.

If there is a problem, it must be adjusted.

Now there are mainly two adjustment methods.

The first is to install the crystal oscillator device directly to the original standard position.

This method sounds simple, but in fact it is cumbersome to operate and requires a lot of time to adjust and explore.

First of all, it needs to be adjusted once, evaporated once, and then the actual thickness is tested by SEM or other means to see if it is consistent with the predicted film thickness.

If it matches, it means that the adjustment has been made, but the probability of getting into the soul is very low.

There is a high probability that it is difficult to get it right once. At this time, it is necessary to repeat the process of "adjustment, evaporation, and testing" until the theory and practice match.

The second is to recalibrate various evaporation parameters, such as Z factor, etc., based on the current position of the crystal oscillator device.

This method is quite simple, but because the instrument is integrated, only the manufacturer knows the specific internal principles and the formula for calculating the film thickness. For users, it is still somewhat difficult to calibrate the parameters by themselves. big.

Therefore, there is a high probability that the manufacturer can only be repaired by calling the manufacturer, and if the manufacturer is called to repair such an expensive instrument, the cost will basically be several thousand or even tens of thousands.

After weighing the two methods, Xu Qiu finally chose the first one. After all, he has a system to help him explore.

Now, Xu Qiu has already debugged the one that was replicated in the simulation laboratory, and he plans to go to Jiangwan after returning to school to adjust the real one in advance.

In addition, there is actually a third adjustment method. Although it is not very advocated, it is still a method.

That is to ignore the actual film thickness and only use the data displayed by the instrument as a reference.

In other words, regardless of the actual film thickness, we believe that the results displayed by the instrument are relatively correct, even if the error between the instrument data and the actual data will be large.

Because this method does not need to calibrate the actual thickness, it can be optimized directly, so it saves time.

Moreover, it has no effect on the research within the research group, as long as the best conditions are found and used all the time.

However, if the article is published, it may make it difficult for colleagues to repeat the experimental results.

For example, if the transport layer and electrodes are evaporated, it is actually not bad, because these have little impact on the performance of the device. The difference in film thickness is 10%-20%, and the absolute value of the final efficiency may be 0.5-1% worse. , other research groups can roughly repeat it.

But if there are problems with some key experimental operations, it will be difficult to repeat them.

In reality, there are indeed research groups that use the third method, some of which may be deliberately trying to blur the experimental conditions, and some may be unintentional.

For example, Zhang San is doing organic synthesis. He wanted to synthesize a certain compound and referred to a document.

The literature says: "A certain reaction needs to be stirred vigorously at room temperature overnight, and then...compound 3 is finally obtained."

As a result, Zhang San actually repeated it, and found that the slag of the flask was finally synthesized. He ordered a board and found that it was full of dots. He mentioned a "candied haws".

Zhang San analyzed the reasons and found that the research group that published this article was in Curry Country, and the article was published in summer, while he did the experiment in a university laboratory in the north of China, and it is now winter.

It is also "normal temperature", the other party's literature may be a normal temperature above 30 degrees Celsius, and Zhang San's own laboratory even if the air conditioner and heater are turned on, the normal temperature may only be 10-20 degrees Celsius...

Don't underestimate the 10-20 degrees Celsius. For chemical reactions, in the relationship between the reaction rate and the temperature change, the temperature is on the index. In other words, if the temperature differs by 10 degrees Celsius, the reaction rate will usually differ by 2-4 times.

Moreover, most chemical reactions have activation energy, and the energy given by the outside world must reach a certain critical condition before the reaction can occur.

In addition, "violent stirring" is also a relatively vague term. It is difficult to say clearly whether the speed of 600r.p.m. is violent or 1000+r.p.m.

Finally, "overnight" is also relatively vague. From submitting a response at 7 o'clock in the morning on the first day to ending the reaction at 7 o'clock in the evening on the second day, the total response time is 36 hours, which belongs to overnight; The reaction ended at 7 o'clock the next morning, and the reaction lasted for 12 hours, which also belonged to overnight.

"Normal temperature", "vigorous stirring", and "overnight" are relatively common vague expressions. For the sake of accuracy and standard writing, it should be "A certain reaction should be stirred at 30 degrees Celsius and 1000r.p.m. for 24 hours, and then ...finally yielded compound 3".

In a similar situation, Li Si is made of perovskite, and he wants to repeat an experimental phenomenon: "a certain perovskite film will not change color when placed in the air for 24 hours."

In the end, Li Si couldn't repeat it. He found that the result he had made, the two-dimensional perovskite film was taken from the glove box into the air, and it turned from black to yellow within five minutes after it came out.

In the end, Li Si analyzed the reasons and found that the research group that published the article was located in a city with relatively low air humidity, while the air humidity in his own laboratory was relatively high. It is also "in the air", and the air in different places will be different.

In addition to calibrating Jiangwan evaporation equipment, Xu Qiu also designed and synthesized a series of derivatives of Y12 materials, including Y13, Y14,...

Among them, Y13 and Y14 correspond to the modification of the terminal group, that is, the ICIN and ICIN-2F terminal groups in Y11 and Y12 are replaced with ICIN-M and ICIN-2Cl.

Y14 has the best performance, combined with J4 donor, the obtained device efficiency based on J4:Y14 system can reach up to 16.41%.

Speaking of which, since J4 was synthesized by the school girl, the optimization of the performance of polymer donor materials in the research group has basically fallen into a bottleneck, and it is difficult to find a system with better performance.

In fact, it is easy to understand, because whether it is J series or H series donor materials, there are too few reaction sites available for optimization, and basically all of them have been optimized to the extreme.

To achieve a breakthrough in device performance, relatively large changes must be made and a new system developed.

And it is very difficult to make a brand new thing.

Because in the process of keeping improving, if you look for a new system based on the existing system that has been optimized to a very good level, there is a high probability that your performance will only get worse and worse.

Taking the current non-fullerene acceptor system as an example, the ITIC series has been developed for so long, and Xu Qiu only found one acceptor material of the Y series, which is better than the ITIC series in all aspects, and many other systems have been thrown into the street.

But even so, the Y series materials are not brand new, and its terminal group still uses the ICIN derivatives of the ITIC series.

Therefore, in terms of donor material selection, Xu Qiu intends to find some suitable donor materials from colleagues for his own Y series, just like using "foreign aid" in the laminated devices that he contributed to the "Science" article before. in the receptor system.

After all, there are dozens, if not hundreds, of domestic and international research groups working on organic photovoltaics.

I have led the team to synthesize ITIC, IDIC, and IEICO series of acceptor materials, and J series, H series, and PTQ series of donor materials. Others must have some voices.

It is impossible to cover all the work by yourself, that is not realistic.

Human imagination and thinking always have limits.

The current era is no longer the era when "one person can light up the whole world" in the era of Newton and Einstein.

People who are able to achieve such a brilliant performance now have a big team behind them. No matter what industry they are in, ZZ entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, and scientists are all the same. If you want to achieve a big business, you cannot succeed alone .

In fact, a large part of the reason is also because Newton and Einstein had too few elites and too many ordinary people at that time.

Now that universal education is available to all, everyone has the opportunity to show great power. The era of personal great power is basically over.

For example, the theory of relativity, which few people could understand at the beginning, now, even a keyboard warrior can say a few words: "Ah, the speed of light remains unchanged...", "All inertial reference frames All equal blah blah blah blah blah blah”…

It can also be seen that in general, society is still progressing, and the cake will always get bigger and bigger.

But why are there still a series of social problems, including domestic involution and foreign lying down?

In fact, the speed at which the cake grows cannot keep up with the speed at which people's desires expand.

In other words, in the past, people didn't have enough to eat and couldn't wear warm clothes. What people pursue is very simple, as long as they have enough to eat and wear warm clothes.

Now that people have enough food and clothing, they want more things, not only materially better, but also spiritually. However, social resources are limited, and if they are not enough, they can only fight for it.

In addition, the existence of the Internet now makes the whole society more and more transparent.

The ordinary people in the middle and lower classes before could not see the life of the elite at all, and they might still be thinking about the "emperor's golden hoe".

Now that I can see it, I may still feel that "the emperor didn't farm the land".

If there is no comparison, there will be no harm. When you see the gap, you will breed desire.

The initial stage of desire will motivate people to struggle, that is, involution;

But in the later stage, if they find that no matter how hard they try to catch up, they can't break through the class barriers, then people may choose to lie flat.

After determining the Y14 material with the best end group, Xu Qiu continued to modify the side chain based on Y14.

Specifically, in the Y14 molecule, there are two groups of side chains on the TT unit, and two groups of side chains are also connected to the nitrogen atom, and their length and type need to be regulated separately.

In terms of length, you can choose an alkyl chain with 6, 8, 10, 12, 14... carbon atoms. There are N options in total, and there are two types, namely straight chain type and branched chain type.

After permutation and combination, there are a total of 2*N*2*N=4N*N possibilities, which are quite a lot.

However, Xu Qiu didn't expect to be able to accomplish it overnight, so let's take his time.

During this time, Xu Qiu also received various messages from the research team members and Teacher Wei.

Sun Wo contacted the glove box company, and the other party had already picked up the spin-coated glove box at Handancai 1216 and started processing.

Wei Xingsi was in Europe for the New Year, but his daily work did not fall behind. He took the time to send Xu Qiu a lot of PDF electronic versions of recent organic photovoltaic literature.

Wu Shengnan was not idle during the Chinese New Year, and worked hard to write articles on Y5, Y6, and Y7 materials. He also made a few phone calls to Xu Qiu in the middle to ask about the storytelling ideas of Y series materials. Her goal is not high, so the AM sub-journal Satisfied.

Xu Qiu was a little surprised that the post-doctoral senior sister actually worked so hard, but after thinking about it carefully, it was normal.

To some extent, researchers and workers are still different.

If a researcher decides to choose the scientific research path instead of just for a degree certificate, then the postgraduate or postdoctoral work is more for himself than for the boss.

Because of the published academic results, although the corresponding author gave the tutor, but the work of the first author can still be used by oneself later.

Of course, if the instructor grabs the first one, then emmm...

Chen Wanqing left Shanghai just one day before the Chinese New Year, and she will go to work again on the seventh day of the new year.

After leaving the campus and going out to work, there are only seven days of holiday during the Chinese New Year. For those who are far away from home, Mo Piao and Bei Piao may not choose to go home during the Chinese New Year.

Because every time you go back and forth, you have to delay four days on the road during the seven-day holiday.

Xu Qiu was somewhat encouraged by Wu Shengnan, people who are weaker than him are working hard, so why not work hard?

So, he began to read the documents sent by Mr. Wei.

Recently, there has been a lot of movement in the field of organic photovoltaics. The AM-level articles of ITIC series materials are like a blowout. In addition to a few articles published by our own research group, other research groups have also published five or six articles one after another, adding up to a total of more than ten articles.

However, the status of Xu Qiu and Wei Xingsi's research group has not been shaken.

At present, the world record of binary single-junction organic photovoltaic devices is still the IDIC-4F system reported by Xu Qiu in "Nature Energy".

It's not that the progress of other research groups is too slow, it's that Xu Qiu is too fast.

If Xu Qiu did not come forward, the annual efficiency increase in the field of non-fullerene organic photovoltaics may be 1% or 2%, for example, 10% this year, 12% next year, 13% next year, and 14% the year after...

As a result, once Xu Qiu made a move, it only took more than a year to increase the efficiency from about 10% at the beginning to 17%, a full increase of 7%.

From the perspective of workload, this increase is almost the normal workload of four or five years.

Mainly because of the existence of the system, this process has been greatly accelerated.

At the same time, Xu Qiu gave several feasible paths in the review of "Joule", which will also accelerate the research process in the entire field.

After browsing the documents sent by Teacher Wei one by one, Xu Qiu found that some of the articles published by other research groups are still very valuable.

For example, Zang Chaojun from Qingbei University and Lu Changjun from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, they have been silent for a long time, and finally made their voices. The two research groups cooperated and published an AM and a JACS one after another.

They reported two types of polymer donor materials, the best of which are L2 and L6, which are combined with benchmark acceptor materials such as ITIC and IEICO, and both exhibit photoelectric conversion efficiencies of more than 12%, up to 12.67%. .

The structures of these two donor materials are relatively new. The D unit is uniformly BDT, while the A unit is a structure that Xu Qiu has never seen before, DTTP and DTBT.

Moreover, the former DTTP is still an asymmetric structure.

It has to be said that the synthetic background of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences is still very strong.

Their idea is to transfer all the side chains in the D-A copolymer donor material to the D unit, while the A unit does not retain the side chain, thereby increasing the compatibility of this donor material with non-fullerene materials such as ITIC. sex.

Facts have proved that this strategy is indeed effective, and its performance is not weaker than that of the J-series and H-series materials developed in Wei Xingsi's research group.

Moreover, the acceptor materials used by the other party are still ITIC and IEICO standard samples, and the efficiency has been able to reach 12.67%.

If ITIC and IEICO derivatives with better performance are used, such as IDIC-4F, IEICO-4F, etc., the device efficiency may even exceed the current 13.5%, breaking the organic photovoltaic binary single-junction world record held by Xu Qiu.

Even, they may already have the corresponding device data, and it is not certain that they are sorting out the article.

However, Xu Qiu didn't care, because the current world record for a single-knot double is only 13.5%, which is indeed a bit low.

He now has at least 10 systems with an efficiency higher than 13.5%, and even the highest system has achieved 16.4%.

Xu Qiu's goal is very clear, that is to continue to hit a CNS, world record or something, even if it is temporarily broken by others, he is confident that he can regain it again.

In addition, Xu Qiu is also interested in the two donor materials L2 and L6.

Xu Qiu copied them into his simulation laboratory, and used them as standard samples for synthesis and optimization.

After all, besides optimizing the Y series materials, he also needs to find suitable donor materials.

Every additional option increases the probability of a breakthrough.